关于印发《非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急预案》的通知
卫生部 中宣部教育部 公安部等
关于印发《非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急预案》的通知
卫应急发〔2006〕355号
各省、自治区、直辖市卫生厅局、党委宣传部、教育厅(教委),公安厅局、民政厅局、建设厅局、信息产业厅局、通信管理局、环保局、气象局、新闻办:
为有效预防和及时控制非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件,指导和规范非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的应急处理工作,最大程度地减少中毒事件的发生和造成的危害,保障公众身体健康与生命安全,维护社会稳定,卫生部、中宣部、教育部、公安部、民政部、建设部、信息产业部、国家环境保护总局、中国气象局、国务院新闻办公室共同制定了《非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急预案》(以下简称《预案》)。现将《预案》印发你们,请结合当地实际,认真实施。
卫生部 中宣部教育部 公安部 民政部 建设部 信息产业部 国家环境保护总局 中国气象局 国务院新闻办公室
二○○六年八月三十日
国家重大一氧化碳中毒事件应急预案.doc
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急预案
1 总则
1.1 目的
为有效预防和及时控制非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件,指导和规范非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的应急处理工作,最大程度地减少中毒事件的发生和造成的危害,保障公众身体健康与生命安全,维护社会稳定,制定本预案。
1.2 编制依据
《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》;
《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》;
《国家突发公共卫生事件应急预案》;
《国家突发公共事件医疗卫生救援预案》;
《突发公共卫生事件与传染病疫情监测信息报告管理办法》等有关法律法规和规章。
1.3 事件分级
根据非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的危害程度和涉及范围,将非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件划分为4级。发生非职业性一氧化碳中毒,达不到Ⅳ级标准的,原则上不列入突发公共事件范畴。
Ⅰ级:有下列情形之一的为Ⅰ级:
(1)在24小时内,1个县级行政区划单位范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数100人(含100人)以上,并出现死亡病例;或死亡15人(含15人)以上。
(2)在24小时内,1个地区级行政区划单位发生以下情况:
a. 在其范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数300人(含300人)以上,并出现死亡病例;或死亡25人(含25人)以上。
b. 在其所辖的8个及以上(或全部)的县级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅳ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
(3)在24小时内,1个省级行政区划单位发生以下情况:
a. 在其范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数500人(含500人)以上,并出现死亡病例;或死亡35人(含35人)以上。
b. 在其所辖的16个及以上的县级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅳ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
c. 在其所辖的4个及以上(或全部)的地区级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅲ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
(4)在24小时内,全国发生以下情况:
a. 一氧化碳中毒人数1000人(含1000人)以上,并出现死亡病例;或死亡50人(含50人)以上。
b. 30个及以上的县级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅳ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
c. 8个及以上的地区级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅲ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
d. 2个及以上省级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅱ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
(5)国务院卫生行政部门认定的其他情形。
Ⅱ级:有下列情形之一的为Ⅱ级:
(1)在24小时内,1个县级行政区划单位范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数60-99人,并出现死亡病例;或死亡10-14人。
(2)在24小时内,1个地区级行政区划单位发生以下情况:
a. 在其范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数150-299人,并出现死亡病例;或死亡15-24人。
b. 在其所辖的4个及以上(或全部)的县级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅳ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
(3)在24小时内,1个省级行政区划单位发生以下情况:
a. 在其范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数300-499人,并出现死亡病例;或死亡25-34人。
b. 在其所辖的8个及以上的县级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅳ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
c. 在其所辖的2个及以上的地区级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅲ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
(4)省级及以上人民政府卫生行政部门认定的其他情形。
Ⅲ级:有下列情形之一的为Ⅲ级:
(1)在24小时内,1个县级行政区划单位范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数30-59人,并出现死亡病例;或死亡6-9人。
(2)在24小时内,1个地区级行政区划单位发生以下情况:
a. 在其范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数60-149人,并出现死亡病例;或死亡10-14人。
b. 在其所辖的2个及以上的县级行政区划单位范围内发生Ⅳ级及以上非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
(3)地区级及以上人民政府卫生行政部门认定的其他情形。
Ⅳ级:有下列情形之一的为Ⅳ级:
(1)在24小时内,1个县级行政区划单位范围内出现一氧化碳中毒人数10-29人,或死亡3-5人。
(2)县级及以上人民政府卫生行政部门认定的其他情形。
1.4 工作原则
1.4.1 以人为本 预防为主 大力开展防控一氧化碳中毒知识的宣传教育,提高公众对一氧化碳中毒事件的防范意识和自救、互救能力,广泛组织、动员公众参与一氧化碳中毒事件预防控制工作。对可能引发非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的情况及时进行分析、预警,保障公众的身体健康和生命安全。
1.4.2 统一领导 分级负责 卫生部会同国务院相关部门制定本预案。非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件防控和应急处理按照“条块结合,以块为主,分级管理,分级响应”的原则,由各级人民政府负责非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急处理的统一领导和指挥,重点依靠城市社区和农村基层组织开展相关工作,各有关部门按照预案规定,在各自的职责范围内做好非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急处理的有关工作。
1.4.3 加强协调 信息共享 各级人民政府指挥协调相关部门,及时通报信息,实现信息共享,共同研究分析非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的发生原因和影响因素。对非职业性一氧化碳中毒及时、有效地开展监测、报告。对可能发生的中毒事件协调气象、卫生、城建、公安、环保等部门组织实施预警提示,对已经发生的中毒事件协调联动,积极处置。
1.4.4 反应及时 处置有效 加强应急反应机制建设,做好人力、物力、财力、技术的保障工作,不断提高应急能力,迅速、及时、有效地应对非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。
1.5 适用范围
本预案主要适用于非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的应急工作。公众在日常生活中发生的,由天然气、液化气、二氧化碳、硫化氢等可以致使人体缺氧窒息的气体所造成的中毒事件,可参照本预案组织开展应急工作。
2 监测、报告和预警
2.1 监测与报告
各级气象部门负责开展天气气候变化情况监测,在出现特定的天气气候条件时,及时向当地人民政府和卫生部门通报,提醒注意防范一氧化碳中毒事件的发生。
各级人民政府可根据实际工作需要,按照国家统一规定和要求,组织公安、卫生、气象等相关部门开展非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的主动监测。
任何单位和个人都有权向国务院卫生行政部门和地方各级人民政府及其卫生部门报告非职业性一氧化碳中毒情况及其隐患,也有权向上级政府部门举报不履行或者不按照规定履行非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急处理职责的部门、单位及个人。
2.1.1 责任报告单位和责任报告人
2.1.1.1 责任报告单位
2.1.1.2.1 非职业性一氧化碳中毒患者责任报告单位
县级以上各级人民政府卫生行政部门指定的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件监测报告机构;各级各类医疗卫生机构。
2.1.1.2.2 非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件责任报告单位
县级及以上卫生行政部门为责任报告主体;地方各级人民政府负责向上一级人民政府报告。
2.1.1.2 责任报告人
2.1.1.2.1 非职业性一氧化碳中毒患者责任报告人
县级以上各级人民政府卫生行政部门指定的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件监测报告机构人员、各级各类医疗卫生机构的医疗卫生人员、个体开业医生。
2.1.1.2.2 非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件责任报告人
卫生行政部门人员(可授权县级及以上疾控机构人员报告)。
2.1.2 报告时限和程序
县级以上各级人民政府卫生行政部门指定的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件监测报告机构人员、各级各类医疗卫生机构的医疗卫生人员、个体开业医生发现非职业性一氧化碳中毒患者,应当在2小时内尽快向所在地区县级疾病预防控制机构报告。
县级疾病预防控制机构做好信息的核实、汇总和分析工作,当发现非职业性一氧化碳中毒情况已经构成事件可能,应当在2小时内尽快向所在地区县级人民政府卫生行政部门报告。
接到非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件信息报告的卫生行政部门应当在2小时内尽快向本级人民政府报告,同时向上级人民政府卫生行政部门报告,并应立即组织医疗救治,进行现场调查确认,及时采取措施,随时报告事态进展情况。
地方各级人民政府应在接到报告后2小时内尽快向上一级人民政府报告。
对可能造成重大社会影响的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件,省级以下地方人民政府卫生行政部门可直接上报国务院卫生行政部门;省级人民政府卫生行政部门在接到报告后的1小时内,向国务院卫生行政部门报告;国务院卫生行政部门接到报告后应当立即向国务院报告。
2.1.3 报告内容
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件报告分为首次报告、进程报告和结案报告,要根据事件严重程度、事态发展和控制情况及时报告事件进程。
首次报告未经调查确认的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件相关信息,应说明信息来源、危害范围的初步判定和拟采取的措施。
经调查确认的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应包括波及范围、危害程度、流行病学分布、事态评估、控制措施等内容。
2.1.4 非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件网络直报
医疗机构和乡(镇)卫生院可直接通过网络直报系统报告非职业性一氧化碳中毒患者,提高信息报告的及时性。县级以上各级疾病预防控制机构接收到报告信息后,应逐级及时审核信息、确保信息的准确性,并汇总统计、分析,按照有关规定报告本级人民政府卫生行政部门。各级卫生行政部门应及时审核事件报告信息的准确性。
2.1.5 非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件报告系统示意图
2.2 预警
当地气象部门会同卫生部门,综合卫生、气象和环境等相关的监测信息,结合当地地理和建筑结构特点,按照非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件发生规律,分析非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件发生的可能性,提出预警建议,并提请当地人民政府发布预警提示。
3 应急响应
3.1 分级响应机制
3.1.1 应急响应原则
发生非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件时,事发地的县级、市(地)级、省级人民政府及其有关部门按照分级响应的原则,做出相应级别应急反应。同时,要根据实际情况及事件发展趋势,及时调整应急反应级别,以有效控制事件,减少危害和影响。
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急处理要做好现场应急处置人员的安全防护,并防止可能发生的爆炸事件;现场处理采取边抢救、边调查、边核实、边开展宣传教育的方式,以有效措施控制事态发展。同时注意加强与媒体沟通,按国家规定做好信息发布工作,做到及时、主动、准确和有序。
3.1.2 应急响应启动与终止的提出
Ⅰ级:由卫生部组织有关专家进行分析论证,提出启动或终止Ⅰ级应急响应的建议,报国务院批准后实施。
Ⅱ级:由省(自治区 、直辖市)人民政府卫生行政部门组织有关专家进行分析论证,提出启动或终止Ⅱ级应急响应的建议,报省级人民政府批准后实施,并向国务院卫生行政部门报告。
Ⅲ级:由地区(地级市、自治州、盟)级人民政府卫生行政部门组织有关专家进行分析论证,提出启动或终止Ⅲ级应急响应的建议,报地级人民政府批准后实施,并向上一级人民政府卫生行政部门报告。
Ⅳ级:由县(市辖区 、县级市、自治县、旗 、自治旗)级人民政府卫生行政部门组织有关专家进行分析论证,提出启动或终止Ⅳ级应急响应的建议,报县级人民政府批准后实施,并向上一级人民政府卫生行政部门报告。
3.1.3 应急响应措施
当非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急响应程序启动后,省级及省级以下人民政府、有关部门、有关机构要根据事件的不同分级,相对应地科学、迅速、有效地采取应急响应措施,以保障公众身体健康与生命安全,维护社会稳定。
3.1.3.1 省级及省级以下人民政府
省级人民政府在Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级,省级以下人民政府在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急响应程序启动后,应加强组织领导,积极组织协调有关部门参与非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的处理。根据非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急处理需要,调集本行政区域内各类人员、物资、交通工具和相关设施、设备参加应急处理工作。及时、主动、准确地在本行政区域内发布相关信息,正确引导舆论。有效地开展群防群控,提醒公众预防一氧化碳中毒,维护社会稳定。
3.1.3.2 卫生行政部门
一氧化碳中毒事件应急响应程序启动后,卫生行政部门组织专家对中毒事件进行研究和评估,提出启动非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急处理级别的建议。组织医疗机构、疾病预防控制机构和卫生监督机构开展非职业性一氧化碳中毒患者的报告和救治,并在当地政府领导下协助开展有关调查与处理工作。
国务院卫生行政部门根据具体情况,及时向国务院各有关部门通报事件情况。
各级卫生行政部门有针对性地开展一氧化碳中毒防控宣传教育工作,提高公众自救、互救的意识和能力;组织专家对中毒事件的处理情况进行综合评估,包括事件概况、病人救治情况、现场调查处理概况、所采取的措施、效果评价等。
3.1.3.3 气象部门
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件发生时,各级气象部门负责监视天气气候变化情况,分析未来气象条件的可能影响,及时向当地人民政府和有关部门通报,并为中毒事件应急处理提供气象保障服务。
3.1.3.4 环保部门
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件发生时,负责监测当地的空气环境状况,并向当地人民政府提供监测信息,为中毒事件提出应急处置建议。
3.1.3.5 公安部门
负责维护非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件现场的治安秩序,查处中毒事件中涉及的违法犯罪行为,在党委、政府的统一领导下,协助卫生主管部门依法妥善处置与中毒事件有关的突发事件。
3.1.3.6 建设部门
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件发生时,负责对中毒患者居住场所进行研究,提出安全取暖、防止一氧化碳中毒等改进的意见。
3.1.3.7 新闻宣传管理部门
根据《非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急预案》启动后的统一工作部署,积极协助人民政府或卫生部门及时发布信息;协调指导新闻媒体及时、准确地报道事件的应急处理情况,正确引导舆论;加强网上信息发布的管理和引导,跟踪境内外舆情,及时对错误言论进行澄清;加强防控知识、健康教育的宣传普及,提高公众对一氧化碳中毒事件的防范意识和自救、互救能力。
3.1.3.8 教育部门
与卫生行政部门密切配合,组织实施各类学校的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件防控措施,防止事件在学校内发生,做好在校学生、教职工的宣传教育和自我防护工作。
3.1.3.9 民政部门
负责对特困群众提供必要的生活救助和医疗救助。协助做好死亡人员的火化和其他善后工作。
3.1.3.10 信息产业部门
负责组织、协调基础电信运营企业为突发公共卫生事件应急处理提供通信保障工作。
3.1.3.11 医疗机构
参考救治标准和规范开展病人院前救治、接诊、收治和转运工作,实行重症和普通病人分开管理。做好中毒病人的报告。协助卫生行政部门开展一氧化碳现场救治培训工作。组织开展对因非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件而引起身体伤害的病人进行救治,任何医疗机构不得拒绝接诊。
3.1.3.12 疾病预防控制机构和职业病防治机构
国家、省、市(地)、县级疾控机构和职业病防治机构做好非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的信息收集、报告与分析工作。疾控机构和职业病防治机构人员到达现场后,尽快制订流行病学调查计划和方案,组织开展对突发事件累及人群的发病情况、分布特点进行调查分析,结合气象等部门提供的资料,提出并实施有针对性的预防控制措施。协助卫生行政部门制订技术标准和规范。
3.1.3.13 卫生监督机构
在卫生行政部门的领导下,开展对医疗机构、疾病预防控制机构非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急处理各项措施落实情况的督导、检查。协助卫生行政部门依据《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》和有关法律法规,调查处理非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急工作中的违法行为。
3.1.3.14 非事件发生地区的应急反应措施
未发生非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的地区应根据本地实际情况,分析本地区发生非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的可能性和程度,并做好以下工作:组织做好本行政区域应急处理准备;加强一氧化碳中毒监测和报告工作;开展重点人群和重点场所的监测和预防控制工作,防患于未然;开展防控知识宣传和健康教育,提高公众自我保护意识和能力。
3.2 应急响应的终止
一氧化碳中毒事件应急响应的终止需要符合以下条件:突发一氧化碳中毒事件危害源得到有效控制;新发中毒患者出现连续3天达不到事件分级标准的;多数患者病情得到基本控制或无恶化的可能。
当地卫生行政部门应根据事件进展情况,组织专家依据终止条件进行分析论证,提出终止应急响应的建议,报请同级人民政府批准后实施,并向上一级卫生行政部门报告。
上级人民政府卫生行政部门要根据下级人民政府卫生行政部门的请求,及时组织专家对非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急响应终止的分析论证提供技术指导和支持。
4 后期绩效评估
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件结束后,各级卫生行政部门应在本级人民政府的领导下,组织有关人员对事件的处理情况进行评估。评估内容主要包括事件概况、病人救治情况、现场调查处理概况、所采取措施的效果评价、应急处理过程中存在的问题和取得的经验及改进建议。评估报告上报本级人民政府和上一级人民政府卫生行政部门。
5 保障措施
5.1 非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件防控体系保障
各地要根据本地实际情况,建立多部门协调、功能完善、反应迅速、运转高效的非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急机制,有效防控非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的发生;健全覆盖城乡、灵敏高效、快速畅通的事件报告信息网络;按照“平战结合、因地制宜、合理布局”的原则,建立一氧化碳中毒救治基地和救治体系;明确职能,落实责任,完善卫生执法监督;加强医疗救治和疾病控制专业队伍建设,提高防治一氧化碳中毒的应急能力。
5.2 通讯与信息保障
各地应充分利用国家公用通信基础设施和现有资源,建立健全省、地、县三级应急信息通信保障体系和医疗救治信息网络,保障和维护信息通讯的通畅,保证事件应急处理信息能够及时上通下达。
5.3 应急卫生救治队伍保障
各级人民政府卫生行政部门根据本地实际情况,按照“平战结合、因地制宜”的原则建立一氧化碳中毒应急救治队伍,组织专家编写一氧化碳中毒应急救治培训材料,实施现场急救专业人员的培训工作。
5.4 技术保障
国务院卫生行政部门负责组织制订一氧化碳中毒救治、卫生应急处置的技术性文件,并协助建设部门组织制订非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件预防控制的技术性文件。卫生、气象等有关部门积极开展相关研究,为有效处置非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件提供技术保障。
5.4 资金保障
处置非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件所需财政经费,按《财政应急保障预案》执行。
5.5 法律保障
国务院有关部门和地方各级人民政府及有关部门要严格执行《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》、《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》、《国家突发公共卫生事件应急预案》、《国家突发公共事件医疗卫生救援预案》等规定,并根据本预案要求,严格履行职责,实行责任制。对履行职责不力,造成工作损失的,要追究有关当事人的责任。
5.6 社会公众的宣传教育
县级以上人民政府要根据实际需要,组织有关部门利用广播、影视、报刊、互联网、手册等多种形式对社会公众广泛开展非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件的防控知识普及教育,指导公众以科学的行为和方式对待一氧化碳中毒事件。要充分发挥有关社会团体在普及卫生应急知识和卫生科普知识方面的作用。
6 预案的制定
本预案由卫生部等部门联合组织制订,由卫生部负责解释,同时报国务院备案。
县级以上地方人民政府根据《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》、《国家突发公共卫生事件应急预案》、《国家突发公共事件医疗卫生救援预案》等规定,参照本预案并结合本地区实际情况,可组织制定本地区非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件应急预案。
7 附则
7.1 名词术语
非职业性一氧化碳中毒事件:区别于生产场所发生的职业性一氧化碳中毒事件。泛指公众在日常生活中发生的一氧化碳中毒事件,事件原因多以燃煤取暖为主,还包括炭火取暖、煤气热水器使用不当、人工煤气泄漏、汽车尾气等。
7.2 预案管理和更新
国务院卫生行政等部门将根据预案的实施情况,组织有关专家和具有实践经验的基层同志对预案进行分析、评价,根据工作需要对预案进行修订完善。
7.3 预案实施时间
本预案自印发之日起实施。
CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 71)
CONTENTS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation and application
he "reasonableness" test
Dealing as consumer"
arieties of exemption clause
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
iability arising in contract
nreasonable indemnity clauses Liability arising from sale or
supply of
s
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
Seller's liability
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass Other provisions
about
racts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Evasion by means of secondary contract
Arbitration agreements
III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
Choice of law clauses
Saving for other relevant legislation
Application
IV CONSEQUENTIAL AND OTHER AMENDMENTS
(Omitted)
dule 1. Scope of sections 7, 8, 9 and 12
dule 2. "Guidelines" for application of reasonableness test
dule 3. (Omitted)
Whole document
imit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract,
or
negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by
means of
ract terms and otherwise; and to restrict the
enforceability of
tration agreements. [1 December 1990] L. N. 38 of 1990
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Control of Exemption Clauses
Ordinance.
nterpretation and application
In this Ordinance--
iness" includes a profession and the activities of a public
body, a
ic authority, or a board, commission, committee or
other body
inted by the Governor or Government;
ds" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap.
26);
ligence" means the breach--
of any obligation, arising from the express or implied terms
of a
ract, to take reasonable care or exercise reasonable skill
in the
ormance of the contract;
of any common law duty to take reasonable care or exercise
reasonable
l (but not any stricter duty);
of the common duty of care imposed by the Occupiers
Liability
nance (Cap. 314); "notice" includes an announcement, whether or
not in
hing, and any other communication or pretended communication;
sonal injury" includes any disease and any impairment of
physical or
al condition.
In the case of both contract and tort, sections 7 to 12 apply
(except
e the contrary is stated in section 11 (4)) only to
business
ility, that is liability for breach of obligations or duties
arising--
from things done or omitted to be done by a person in the course
of a
ness (whether his own business or another's); or
from the occupation of premises used for business purposes
of the
pier, and references to liability are to be read
accordingly; but
ility of an occupier of premises for breach of an obligation or
duty
rds a person obtaining access to the premises for
recreational or
ational purposes, being liability for loss or damage
suffered by
on of the dangerous state of the premises, is not a business
liability
he occupier unless granting that person such access for the
purposes
erned falls within the business purposes of the occupier.
In relation to any breach of duty or obligation, it is
immaterial
her the breach was inadvertent or intentional, or whether
liability
it arises directly or vicariously.
1977 c. 50 ss. 1&14 U. K.]
he "reasonableness" test
In relation to a contract term, the requirement of reasonableness
for
purposes of this Ordinance and section 4 of the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284) is satisfied only if the court or
arbitrator
rmines that the term was a fair and reasonable one to be
included
ng regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably
to have
, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the
contract
made.
In determining for the purposes of section 11 or 12 whether a
contract
satisfies the requirement of reasonableness, the court or
arbitrator
l have regard in particular to the matters specified in
Schedule 2;
this subsection does not prevent the court or arbitrator from
holding,
ccordance with any rule of law, that a term which purports to
exclude
estrict any relevant liability is not a term of the contract.
In relation to a notice (not being a notice having
contractual
ct), the requirement of reasonableness under this
Ordinance is
sfied only if the court or arbitrator determines that it would
be fair
reasonable to allow reliance on it, having regard to
all the
umstances obtaining when the liability arose or (but for the
notice)
d have arisen.
In determining (under this Ordinance or the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284)) whether a contract term or notice
satisfies the
irement of reasonableness, the court or arbitrator shall have
regard
articular (but without prejudice to subsection (2) to whether
(and, if
to what extent) the language in which the term or notice is
expressed
language understood by the person as against whom another
person
s to rely upon the term or notice.
Where by reference to a contract term or notice a person
seeks to
rict liability to a specified sum of money, and the question
arises
er this Ordinance or the Misrepresentation Ordinance (Cap.
284))
her the term or notice satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness,
court or arbitrator shall have regard in particular (but
without
udice to subsection (2) or (4)) to--
the resources which he could expect to be available to him for
the
ose of meeting the liability should it arise; and
how far it was open to him to cover himself by insurance.
It is for the person claiming that a contract term or notice
satisfies
requirement of reasonableness to prove that it does.
1977 c. 50 s. 11 U. K.]
Dealing as consumer"
A party to a contract "deals as consumer" in relation to another
party
he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor
holds
elf out as doing so;
the other party does make the contract in the course of a
business;
in the case of a contract governed by the law of sale of goods
or by
ion 12, the goods passing under or in pursuance of the contract
are of
pe ordinarily supplied for private use or consumption.
Notwithstanding subsection (1), on a sale by auction or by
competitive
er the buyer is not in any circumstances to be regarded as dealing
as
umer.
It is for the person claiming that a party does not deal as
consumer
rove that he does not.
1977 c. 50 s. 12 U. K.]
arieties of exemption clause
To the extent that this Ordinance prevents the
exclusion or
riction of any liability it also prevents--
making the liability or its enforcement subject to
restrictive or
ous conditions;
excluding or restricting any right or remedy in respect
of the
ility, or subjecting a person to any prejudice in consequence of
his
uing any such right or remedy;
excluding or restricting rules of evidence or procedure, and (to
that
nt) sections 7, 10, 11 and 12 also prevent excluding or
restricting
ility by reference to terms and notices which exclude or
restrict
relevant obligation or duty.
An agreement in writing to submit present or future
differences to
tration is not to be treated under this Ordinance as
excluding or
ricting any liability. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 13 U. K.]
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
Legislative Council may by resolution amend Schedules 1 and 2.
PART II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
A person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice
given
ersons generally or to particular persons exclude or
restrict his
ility for death or personal injury resulting from negligence.
In the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot so
exclude or
rict his liability for negligence except in so far as the
term or
ce satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Where a contract term or notice purports to exclude or
restrict
ility for negligence a person's agreement to or awareness of it
is not
tself to be taken as indicating his voluntary acceptance of any
risk.
1977 c. 50 s. 2 U. K.]
iability arising in contract
This section applies as between contracting parties where one of
them
s as consumer or on the other's written standard terms of
business.
As against that party, the other cannot by reference to any
contract
--
When himself in breach of contract, exclude or restrict any
liability
is in respect of the breach; or
claim to be entitled--
to render a contractual performance substantially different from
that
h was reasonably expected of him; or
in respect of the whole or any part of his contractual obligation,
to
er no performance at all,
pt in so far as (in any of the cases mentioned above
in this
ection) the contract term satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness.
1977 c. 50 s. 3 U. K.]
nreasonable indemnity clauses
A person dealing as consumer cannot by reference to any contract
term
ade to indemnify another person (whether a party to the
contract or
in respect of liability that may be incurred by the
other for
igence or breach of contract, except in so far as the contract
term
sfies the requirement of reasonableness.
This section applies whether the liability in question--
is directly that of the person to be indemnified or is incurred
by him
riously;
is to the person dealing as consumer or to someone else. [cf. 1977
c.
. 4 U. K.]
ility arising from sale or supply of goods
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
In the case of goods of a type ordinarily supplied for private
use or
umption, where loss or damage--
arises from the goods proving defective while in consumer use;
and
results from the negligence of a person concerned in the
manufacture
istribution of the goods, liability for the loss or damage
cannot be
uded or restricted by reference to any contract term or
notice
ained in or operating by reference to a guarantee of the goods.
For these purposes--
goods are to be regarded as "in consumer use" when a person is
using
, or has them in his possession for use, otherwise than
exclusively
the purposes of a business; and
anything in writing is a guarantee if it contains or
purports to
ain some promise or assurance (however worded or
presented) that
cts will be made good by complete or partial replacement,
or by
ir, monetary compensation or otherwise.
This section does not apply as between the parties to a contract
under
n pursuance of which possession or ownership of the goods passed.
1977 c. 50 s. 5 U. K.]
Seller's liability
Liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 14
of the
of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings
as to
e, etc.) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any
contract
.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of
the
gations arising from section 15, 16 or 17 of the Sale of
Goods
nance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings as to
conformity of
s with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness
for a
icular purpose) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to
any
ract term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, the
liability
ified in subsection (2) can be excluded or restricted by reference
to
ntract term, but only in so far as the term satisfies the
requirement
easonableness.
The liabilities referred to in this section are not only the
business
ilities defined by section 2 (2), but include those arising under
any
ract of sale of goods. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 6 U. K.]
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass
Where the possession or ownership of goods passes
under or in
uance of a contract not governed by the law of sale of
goods,
ection (2) to (4) apply in relation to the effect (if any) that
the
t or arbitrator is to give to contract terms excluding or
restricting
ility for breach of obligation arising by implication of law from
the
re of the contract.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability in respect of
the
's correspondence with description or sample, or their
quality or
ess for any particular purpose, cannot be excluded or
restricted by
rence to any such term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, that
liability
be excluded or restricted by reference to such a term, but only
in so
as the term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Liability in respect of--
the right to transfer ownership of the goods, or give possession;
or
the assurance of quiet possession to a person taking
goods in
uance of the contract, cannot be excluded or restricted by
reference
ny such term except in so far as the term satisfies the requirement
of
onableness. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 7 U. K.]
r provisions about contracts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Where for reliance upon it a contract term has to
satisfy the
irement of reasonableness, it may be found to do so and be
given
ct accordingly notwithstanding that the contract has been
terminated
er by breach or by a party electing to treat it as repudiated.
Where on a breach the contract is nevertheless affirmed by a
party
tled to treat as repudiated, this does not of itself
exclude the
irement of reasonableness in relation to any contract term.
1977 c. 50 s. 9 U. K.]
Evasion by means of secondary contract
rson is not bound by any contract term prejudicing or taking
away
ts of his which arise under, or in connection with the performance
of,
her contract, so far as those rights extend to the
enforcement of
her's liability which this Ordinance prevents that
other from
uding or restricting.
1977 c. 50 s. 10 U. K.]
Arbitration agreements
As against a person dealing as consumer, an agreement to submit
future
erences to arbitration cannot be enforced except--
with his written consent signified after the differences in
question
arisen; or
where he has himself had recourse to arbitration in pursuance of
the
ement in respect of any differences.
Subsection (1) does not affect--
the enforcement of an international arbitration agreement
within the
ing of section 2 (1) of the Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 341);
laced 76 of 1990 s. 2)
the resolution of differences arising under any contract so far
as it
by virtue of Schedule 1, excluded from the operation of section
7, 8,
12.
PART III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
The limits imposed by this Ordinance on the extent to which a
person
exclude or restrict liability by reference to a contract term do
not
y to liability arising under an international supply contract.
The terms of an international supply contract are not subject to
any
irement of reasonableness under section 8 or 9.
For the purposes of this section, an international supply
contract
s a contract--
that is either a contract of sale of goods or a contract under
or in
uance of which the possession or ownership of goods passes;
that is made by parties whose places of business (or, if they
have
, habitual residences) are in the territories of different
States or
in and outside Hong Kong; and
in the case of which--
the goods in question are, at the time of the conclusion
of the
ract, in the course of carriage, or will be carried,
from the
itory of one State to the territory of another, or to or from
Hong
from or to a place outside Hong Kong; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance have been done in
the
itories of different States or in and outside Hong Kong; or
) the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to the
territory
State other than that within whose territory the acts
constituting
offer and acceptance were done; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done in Hong
Kong
the contract provides for the goods to be delivered outside Hong
Kong;
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done outside
Hong
and the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to Hong
Kong.
1977 c. 50 s. 26 U. K.]
Choice of law clauses
Where the proper law of a contract is the law of Hong Kong only
by
ce of the parties (and apart from that choice would be the law
of some
r country) sections 7 to 12 do not operate as part of the proper
law.
This Ordinance has effect notwithstanding any contract
term which
ies or purports to apply the law of some other country, where
(either
oth)--
the term appears to the court or arbitrator to have been
imposed
ly or mainly for the purpose of enabling the party imposing
it to
e the operation of this Ordinance; or
in the making of the contract one of the parties dealt as
consumer,
he was then habitually resident in Hong Kong, and the essential
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